The heart of the RO plant consists of semi-permeable membranes through which water is forced under pressure. These membranes allow water molecules to pass through while blocking contaminants such as dissolved salts, minerals, bacteria, and other impurities.RO systems are made up of 3, 4, or 5 stages of filtration. Every reverse osmosis water system contains a sediment filter and a carbon filter in addition to the RO membrane.
NF is utilized for selective removal of specific ions, such as hardness ions (calcium and magnesium), certain organic compounds, and other contaminants from water. It finds applications in water softening, color removal, and partial desalination, providing a middle ground between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis in terms of separation efficiency and permeability